Article_snip

Abdullah Tarik Celik , Gülay Hasdoğan
pp. 117 - 140, view paper, download
(https://doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-059-005), Google Scholar

Submitted on 15 Sep 2023 - Accepted on 23 Jan 2024

Interaction Design and Architecture(s) IxD&A Journal
Issue N. 59, Winter 2023

Abstract

This article aims to envisage a future world with Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) from a speculative perspective and uses design fiction as a method. Even though there are future studies about how AVs are going to be operators in the traffic by taking the role of the driver, this article suggests that AVs are going to be referred not only as transportation vehicles but also, they will become a part of social life through their increased agencies. We argue that this might be a significant concern for the areas that are in relation with the design of AVs considering socio-technical transitions towards future. Two design fiction workshops with designers were organised to develop future scenarios including AVs. As a result, the scenarios created by designers were analysed and characteristics of the scenarios were identified considering the social and contextual aspects of the storyworlds. Finally, the study discusses design considerations for AVs based on the future contexts and lifestyles as well as the social role that AVs can fill by changing the meaning of journey in the future scenarios.

Keywords: design fiction, autonomous vehicles, future mobility, socio-technical transitions, social agents

CRediT author statement: Abdullah Tarik Celik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft, Visualization; Gülay Hasdo?an: Conceptualization, Writing-Review & Editing, Supervision.

Cite this article as:
Tarik Celik A., Hasdoğan G.: Future Mobility Scenarios with Design Fiction: Autonomous Vehicles as Social Agents, Interaction Design & Architecture(s) – IxD&A Journal, N.59, 2023, pp. 117–140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.55612/s-5002-059-005

References:

1. Zmud, J., Ecola, L., Phleps, P., Feige, I.: The Future of Mobility: Scenarios for the United States in 2030. RAND Corporation, (2013)
2. Miles, J., & Walker, A. J.: The potential application of artificial intelligence in transport, Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), 153(3), (2006) https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-its:20060014
3. Milakis, D., van Arem, B., van Wee, B.: Policy and society related implications of automated driving: A review of literature and directions for future research, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(4), pp. 324–348 (2017)
https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2017.1291351
4. Vallet, F., Puchinger, J., Millonig, A., Lamé, G., & Nicolaï, I.: Tangible futures: Combining scenario thinking and personas-A pilot study on urban mobility, Futures, vol. 117, (2020) DOI:10.1016/j.futures.2020.102513
5. McGrail, S., & Gaziulusoy, A. I.: Using futures inquiry to create low-carbon, resilient urban futures: a review of practice, theory and process options for the Visions and Pathways project, (2016) https://apo.org.au/node/70334
6. Hannon, E., McKerracher, C., Orlandi, I., & Ramkumar, S.: An integrated perspective on the future of mobility, McKinsey Report October, (2016) http://www. mckinsey. com/business-functions/sustainability-and-resourceproductivity/our-insights/an-integrated-perspective-on-the-future-of-mobility
7. Darby, A., Tsekleves, E., Sawyer, P.: Speculative Requirements: Design Fiction and RE. In: IEEE 26th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), pp. 388—393. IEEE (2018) https://doi.org/10.1109/RE.2018.00-20
8. Auger, J.: Speculative design: crafting the speculation, Digital Creativity, 24(1), pp.11–35 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1080/14626268.2013.767276
9. Thrift, N.: Driving in the city, Theory, Culture and Society, 21(4-5), pp.41–59 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276404046060
10. Bissell, D., Birtchnell, T., Elliott, A., Hsu, E. L.: Autonomous automobilities: The social impacts of driverless vehicles, Current Sociology, 68(1), pp. 116–134 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392118816743
11. Dörrenbächer, J., Hassenzahl, M., Neuhaus, R., & Ringfort-Felner, R.: Towards Designing Meaningful Relationships with Robots, In Meaningful Futures with Robot, Taylor & Francis, (2023) https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003287445-1
12. Armstrong, S.: Smarter Than Us, Berkeley, CA: Machine Intelligence Research Institute (2014)
13. Forlano, L.: Cars and contemporary communications| Stabilizing/destabilizing the driverless city: Speculative futures and autonomous vehicles, International Journal of Communication, 13(28), (2019)
14. Blythe, M.: Research through design fiction: narrative in real and imaginary abstracts. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 703–712, (2014) https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557098
15. Zhang, Q., Yang, X. J., & Robert Jr, L. P.: Individual differences and expectations of automated vehicles, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 38(9), pp. 825–836, (2022) https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1970431
16. Coppola, P., & Silvestri, F.: Autonomous vehicles and future mobility solutions. Autonomous Vehicles and Future Mobility, pp 1–15, Elsevier, ISBN:9780128176962, (2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817696-2.00001-9
17. Litman, T.: Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2017)
18. Krueger, R., Rashidi, T. H., & Rose, J. M.: Preferences for shared autonomous vehicles, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 69, pp. 343–355, (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.06.015
19. Fagnant, D. J., Kockelman, K. M., & Bansal, P.: Operations of Shared Autonomous Vehicle Fleet for Austin, Texas, Market, Transportation Research Record, 2563(1), pp. 98–106, (2016) https://doi.org/10.3141/2536-12
20. ARUP: Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles, Reimagining Transport to Drive Economic Growth. Arup Group Limited (2017)
https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/autonomous-connected-electric-and-shared-vehicles
21. Chan, C.Y.: Advancements, prospects, and impacts of automated driving systems. Int. Transp. Sci. Technol. 6, pp 208-–216 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2017.07.008
22. Hengstler, M., Enkel, E., & Duelli, S.: Applied artificial intelligence and trust—The case of autonomous vehicles and medical assistance devices, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105, pp. 105–120, (2016) doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.01
23. Trommer, S., Kolarova, V., Fraedrich, E., Kröger, L., Kickhöfer, B., Kuhnimhof, T., Lenz, B. and Phleps, P.: Autonomous Driving – The Impact of Vehicle Automation on Mobility Behaviour, Institute of Transport Research (2016) https://elib.dlr.de/110337/
24. Katz, J., How Emotions Work. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (2000)
25. Bissell, D., Adey, P., Laurier, E.: Geographies of the passenger. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(5), pp. 1007–1009 (2011) 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103006
26. Laurier, E.: Notes on dividing the attention of a car driver. Team Ethno Online, 1(1) (2002) https://archive.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/STSE-Handbook/Other/Team%20Ethno/Issue1/Laurier/gooddriv.html
27. Choi, J. K., & Ji, Y. G.: Investigating the Importance of Trust on Adopting an Autonomous Vehicle, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31(10), pp. 692–702, (2015) https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1070549
28. Rödel, C., Stadler, S., Meschtscherjakov, A., Tscheligi, M.: Towards Autonomous Cars: The Effect of Autonomy Levels on Acceptance and User Experience, In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pp. 1–8, Association for Computing Machinery (2014) https://doi.org/10.1145/2667317.266733
29. Duffy, B. R.: Anthropomorphism and the social robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 42(3–4), pp. 177–190 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8890(02)00374-3
30. Verberne, F. M. F., Ham, J., Midden, C. J. H.: Trust in Smart Systems, Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 54(5), pp. 799–810 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812443825
31. Waytz, A., Heafner, J., Epley, N.: The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, pp. 113–117 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005
32. Lee, J., Kim, K. J., Lee, S., Shin, D.: Can autonomous vehicles be safe and trustworthy? Effects of appearance and autonomy of unmanned driving systems, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 31(10), pp. 682–691 (2015) DOI:10.1080/10447318.2015.1070547
33. Strömberg, H., Pettersson, I., Andersson, J., Rydström, A., Dey, D., Klingegård, M., & Forlizzi, J.: Designing for social experiences with and within autonomous vehicles – exploring methodological directions, Design Science, 4(13) (2018) DOI:10.1017/dsj.2018.9
34. Pettersson, I. and Ju, W.: Design techniques for exploring automotive interaction in the drive towards automation, In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, pp. 147–160, ACM (2017) https://doi.org/10.1145/3064663.3064666
35. Fulton, L., Mason, J., Meroux, D.:Three Revolutions in Urban Transportation. How to Achieve the Full Potential of Vehicle Electrification, Automation and Shared Mobility in Urban Transportation Systems Around the World by 2050, UC DAVIS, ITDP, (2017)
36. Townsend, A.: Re-programming mobility: The digital transformation of transportation in the United States. Rudin Center for Transportation Policy and Management: New York, NY, USA (2014)
37. Sterling, B.: NEXT13 – Fantasy prototypes and real disruption, (2013)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VIoRYPZk68
38. Dunne, A. and Raby, F.: Speculative everything: Design, fiction, and social dreaming, Cambridge: The MIT Press (2014)
39. Sterling, B.: Shaping Things. Cambridge, MIT Press, p.30 (2005)
40. Bleecker, J. Design Fiction: A Short Essay on Design, Science, Fact and Fiction, Near Future Laboratory. Los Angeles: Near Future Laboratory (2009)
http://www.nearfuturelaboratory.com/2009/03/17/design-fiction-a-short-essay-on-design-science-fact-and-fiction/.
41. Lindley, J., Sharma, D., Potts, R.: Anticipatory Ethnography: Design fiction as an input to design ethnography. In Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2014, 1, pp. 237–253, (2014) https://doi.org/10.1111/1559-8918.01030
42. Mitrovic, I, Suran O.: Speculative – Post-Design Practice or New Utopia? Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia & Croatian Designers Association, (2016)
43. Ceschin, F., Gaziulusoy, I.: Evolution of design for sustainability: From product design to design for system innovations and transitions, Design Studies, 47, pp. 118—163, (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2016.09.002
44. Grand, S., Wiedmer, M.: Design Fiction: A Method Toolbox for Design Research in a Complex World, In: Durling, D., Bousbaci, R., Chen, L, Gauthier, P., Poldma, T., Roworth-Stokes, S. and Stolterman, E (eds.), Design and Complexity – DRS International Conference 2010, Montreal, Canada, (2010) https://dl.designresearchsociety.org/drs-conference-papers/drs2010/researchpapers/47
45. Knutz, E., Ulv Lenskjold, T., Markussen, T.: Fiction as a resource in participatory design. In P. Lloyd, & E. Bohemia (Eds.), Proceedings of DRS 2016 International Conference: Future–Focused Thinking, Design Research Society, Vol. 5, pp. 1830–1844, (2016) https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2016.476
46. Auger, J. H.: Why Robot? Speculative design, the domestication of technology and the considered future. Royal College of Art, United Kingdom (2012)
47. Li, L.: Diegetic Prototypes in the Design Fiction Film Her: A Posthumanist Interpretation, Journal of Futures Studies, 27(3), (2023)
48. Archer, B.: The nature of research, Co-Design Journal, 2(11), pp. 6–13, (1995)
49. Frayling, C.: Research in art and design, Royal College of Art Research Papers, 1, pp. 1–5, (1993)
50. Coulton, P., Lindley, J., Sturdee, M., & Stead, M.: Design Fiction as World Building. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Research Through Design Conference, Edinburgh, UK, 11, pp. 163–179, (2017) DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4746964.
51. Lindley, J. A pragmatics framework for design fiction, The Value of Design Research, In: Proceedings of the 11th International European Academy of Design Conference, Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University, UK, (2015) https://doi.org/10.7190/ead/2015/69
52. Cheon, E., Sher, S. T. H., Sabanovi?, Š., Su, N. M.: I Beg to Differ: Soft Conflicts in Collaborative Design Using Design Fictions, In: Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference, pp. 201–214, (2019)
https://doi.org/10.1145/3322276.3322350
53. Robson, C., & McCartan, K.: Real world research, Wiley Global Education, (2016)
54. Futurice Lean Canvases, https://hello.futurice.com/lean-service-creation-canvas
55. Candy, S., & Watson, J.: The thing from the future, CA: The Situation Lab, Toronto, Canada and Los Angeles, (2013)
56. Lipson, H., Kurman, M.: Driverless: intelligent cars and the road ahead. MIT Press, (2016)
57. Gilroy, P.: Driving while Black, in Miller, D. (ed.) Car Cultures, Oxford: Berg, pp. 81–104, (2001) https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003084860-4
58. Montalván, J., Shin, H., Cuéllar, F., Lee, K.: Adaptation profiles in first-time robot users: Towards understanding adaptation patterns and their implications for design, International Journal of Design, 11(1), pp. 1–19, (2017)
59. De Souza E Silva, A.: From cyber to hybrid: mobile technologies as interfaces of hybrid spaces, Space and Culture, 9(3), pp. 261–278. (2006) https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331206289022
60. Ishii, H.: Tangible Bits: coupling physicality and virtuality through tangible user interfaces. In Y. Ohta, & H. Tamura (Eds.), Mixed reality: merging real and virtual worlds, pp. 229-246, New York: Springer. (1999) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87512-0_13
61. Sheller, M.: Bodies, cybercars and the mundane incorporation of automated mobilities, Social & Cultural Geography, 8(2), pp. 175–197 (2007)
https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701360063
62. Sheller, M.: Automotive Emotions, Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4–5), pp. 221–242 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276404046068
63. Urry, J.: Sociology Beyond Societies. London: Routledge (2000)
64. Latour, Bruno, 1992. Where are the missing masses? The sociology of a few mundane artifacts. Shaping technology/building society: Studies in sociotechnical change, 1, pp. 225-258.

back to Table of Contents